Proteins from frozen tissue samples need to be extracted efficiently and without degradation to make the best use of a limited resource and to ensure, as much as possible, that an accurate representation of the proteins in the living tissue is obtained. The emergence of powerful proteomic techniques that make possible studies of many proteins simultaneously and the possibility of automated dispensations from biobank facilities have refocused attention on optimized. Tissues were obtained, with informed consent and institutional review board approval, from patients undergoing tumor resection. For this study, all individuals filled a written informed consent form tissue were surgically removed at hospital. Tissue samples of both tumoral and normal brain tissue were snap-frozen immediately after operation in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80oC until used for proteomic analysis. We extracted proteins of tumor and normal brain tissues and then evaluated the protein purity by spectrophotometry method. The first-dimensional electrophoresis was performed using 18 cm, pH 3–10 IPG strips. The total number of protein features was matched and analyzed between gels in the control group and tumor group; 343 spots (around 49% of the entire detected spots) were matched across all the gels. In software analysis, a total of 343 differentially expressed spots satisfied the statistical parameters (p <0.05). Efficient extraction is in fact, in part, dependent on breaking protein interactions to release proteins bound in macromolecular assemblies. Disruptive methods of solubilization can, and should, therefore be applied, short of hydrolyzing the protein amino-acid chain or posttranslational modifications.

The effects of different coating time of PANI/Silver into polysulfone (PSf) membrane surface were investigated according to the morphology, contact angle, surface roughness and BSA, pepsin and trypsin rejection. The membrane was prepared by employing the pressure deposition method toward phase inversion membrane. Thus, PANI particles were forced to adhere on membrane surface by pressure driven force. The duration of coated time was taken from 30 mins up to120 mins. However, due to smooth surface of PSf, PANI particle was able to bounce back from the PSf surface. Furthermore, the presence of PANI/Ag were also hard to distinguished on the membrane surface. Clear observation was noticed with the changed of the membrane surface from smooth surface until rougher surface. EDS result using SEM data proved the presence of PANI and PANI/Ag on the surface membrane. The hydrophilicity of membrane was proved with decreasing of contact angle test from 75⁰ to 40⁰ for duration time from 0 min until 120 min for membrane coated with PANI. Meanwhile membrane coated with PANI/Ag also show a reduction from 75⁰ to 50⁰ . The result was in line with membrane surface roughness which is increased up to 79% after coating with PANI while 90% after coating with PANI/Ag after under effect of 120 min. Higher surface roughness had influenced membrane rejection performance toward BSA. For water rejection test, PSf membrane showed the rejection of 100%, 60. 42% and 50% for BSA, pepsin and trypsin. After coating membrane for 30 min, 100%, 90. 21% and 77. 23% was obtained for PANI-coated and 100%, 92. 30% and 80. 30% after coating with PANI/Ag. For duration of 120 min, the result shows that coated membrane able to reject 100% BSA, for pepsin and trypsin it shows 96. 15% and 87. 98% while membrane coated with PANI/Ag, it shows 100% BSA and up to 98. 41% and 90. 60% pepsin and trypsin protein. In the end, study of membrane performance was improved with presence of PANI and silver on the protein separation process by using deposition method.

Most of the nutraceuticals such as carotenoids, fat-soluble vitamins and phenolic compounds show instability against chemical or physical degradation and tend to degrade during processing or storage when incorporated into foods. Among different types of food products, incorporating bioactives into non-fat aqueous foods and beverages (especially clear ones) is challenging due to the hydrophobic nature of most bioactives and their instability. The main purpose of the current work was exploring the potential application of the protein-polysaccharide soluble nanocomplexes as delivery systems for nutraceuticals in liquid foods. In this study, the intrinsic transporting property of b-lactoglobulin (BLG) was utilized to develop nanoscale green delivery systems. The binding analysis using fluorescence spectroscopy suggested that the complexation between BLG and four nutraceutical models including b-carotene, folic acid, curcumin and ergocalciferol occurred under all conditions but varied as a function of pH and nutraceutical type. The 1H-NMR study of hydrophilic ligands binding to BLG provided complementary information on the interactions between protein and water soluble ligands. These findings resulted in designing nanoscopic delivery systems for encapsulation of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic bioactives in clear liquid food products of acidic pH. The stability experiments demonstrated that the nutraceuticals of low solubility in water were successfully entrapped within electrostatically stable nanocomplexes arising from BLG-sodium alginate interactions. The electrophoretic mobility analysis showed that soluble nanocomplexes had good stability against aggregation.

Protein separation and purification technologies play an essential role in various industries including but not limited to pharmaceuticals, dairy as well as the food sector. Accordingly, a wide variety of techniques such as chromatography and electrophoresis have been developed and utilized extensively over the years for this purpose. Despite their widespread acceptance, conventional techniques still suffer from major limitations and complexities such as short lifetime, low productivity, high-pressure drop and difficulty in scale-up among others. Membrane separation processes have received significant attention in recent years as a promising alternative that can potentially overcome the problems associated with the conventional technologies due to their spectacular features. The prime advantages offered by the membrane-based processes for protein separation and purification include tunable properties, cost-effectiveness, superb productivity, as well as energy efficiency. The present manuscript aims to highlight the significant aspects of the established protein separation and purification technologies by addressing the principal concepts and highlighting their characteristics. Special attentions are paid to the membrane-based processes by providing detailed features and specifications involved in each individual process, especially from the industrial perspective. Furthermore, the recent and ongoing progress on strategies and practical techniques towards improvement in performance of membranes for separation and purification of various proteins is introduced and discussed in details.

In the present study، hydrogels were prepared by free radical polymerization in water–dioxane mixture with fixed molar ratio (25 mol%) of N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAM) and varying remaining molar concentrations of N-tert-butyl acrylamide (NTBA) and acrylamide (AAm). The structure of the resultant hydrogels was studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The thermal properties of the hydrogels were analyzed by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) methods. DSC thermo grams were used for the quantitative determination of free، interfacial and bound water contents. The result showed that the free and interfacial water contents increased with increase in the hydrophilic AAm content، and the bound water content increased with hydrophobic NTBA content in the hydrogels. Swelling behavior of the hydrogels was evaluated at different temperatures. The percentage swelling and diffusion kinetic parameters (network structure constant, type of diffusion and diffusion constant) were calculated for all samples. The diffusion was found to be Fickian type for copolymer having equimolar concentrations of NTBA and AAm and non-Fickian type for others. Diffusion coefficients of the hydrogels were found to be increased with increasing temperature. In addition, poly (NIPAM-co-NTBA-co-AAm) hydrogels were used in concentration separation process for BSA solution. The result showed that the copolymer with equimolar NTBA and AAm contents has high separation efficiency with good thermo responsive behavior among all copolymers.